Which Streamgages in the United States
Have the Longest Data Records?
by Gary T. Fisher, P.E. (USGS Hydrologist, Retired)
Abstract: The USGS National Water Information System includes 34 currently operating streamgages that were started on or before February 1, 1895. Of these, 19 streamgages have had a continuous record with no significant gaps. The streamgage on the Potomac River at Point of Rocks has the longest continuous daily record operated by USGS.
In its 136 years, the U.S. Geological Survey has operated more than 23,000 streamgaging stations in the United States, and at least 284 stations have a record of streamflow data for 100 years or more. Identification of the longest period of record has proven to be a more difficult question. Partly, the problem has been in defining what a USGS station is, and what constitutes an unbroken record.
Follansbee (1994) compiled an excellent history of early USGS streamgaging operations, which has provided significant information for this analysis. For purposes of this discussion, we will define longevity as the period of continuous operation by USGS. In some cases, especially for the oldest U.S. streamgages, other agencies may have operated them for many years prior to their transfer to USGS. Some of the data collected by other agencies are in the National Water Information System (NWIS) and USGS may have published them. An unbroken record means that a streamgage has been in continuous operation until the present with published daily-mean discharge data. Short periods of monthly discharge data early in the period of record do not disqualify a station from consideration. However, daily-mean discharge data have historically been considered as a primary product of USGS streamgaging, so stations that have only produced monthly records, or which consist substantially of monthly records, are not considered. Stations with stage-only, peak-only, partial, or seasonal records are likewise not considered. It is important to note that short periods of estimated record are considered a normal part of long-term operations, and do not disqualify a streamgage from consideration, as long as it has been part of an active, systematic program of data collection.
The USGS has been operating a streamgage on the Potomac River at Point of Rocks, MD, continuously since February 1, 1895. USGS has published daily-mean discharge values for every day since then, and it has the longest continuous data record collected exclusively by USGS.
NWIS provides a complete inventory of published daily data and other measurements available for each streamgage. A query of NWIS (http://waterdata.usgs.gov) reveals that 18 USGS streamgages with continuous records began operations prior to Point of Rocks, as shown in Table 1. In addition, 14 active streamgages also began operations earlier, and another began the same day, but each is missing from 5 to 28 years of record. All of the stations listed in Tables 1 and 2 are significant to the history of streamgaging operations in the United States. References to streamgage numbers below are from Tables 1 and 2. For each streamgage, an NWIS query to http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/inventory/?site_no=01638500 provides a full inventory of published data, where the 8-digit number is the Station ID in Table 1. At some stations, NWIS records include the first USGS discharge measurement. USGS Water-Supply Papers (WSP) also contain published data, particularly for years prior to 1961, and in most cases are the best source of information for the early history of a streamgage. For many streamgages the exact date that USGS began operations can only be determined through review of one or more WSPs. Live links are provided to WSP references in this paper.
Agencies other than USGS established and operated many of the oldest streamgages. These included the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Weather Bureau (now National Weather Service) State Engineers (Follansbee, 1994, p. 30-34, 67-75), or power utilities. The western states, including California, Oregon, Washington, Montana, and Colorado were particularly active in streamgaging. There were early contacts and cooperative arrangements between USGS and other agencies, with some work done by other agencies with financial, logistical, or organizational support from USGS.
Other than the historic work at Embudo, New Mexico (streamgage number 24), in 1888-1889 (Frazier and Heckler, 1972), and limited measurements and short-term operations, there was no organized USGS program to operate streamgages before the first specific Congressional appropriation of $12,500 on August 18, 1894 (Follansbee, 1994, p. 52). The Rio Grande at Embudo (Station ID 08279500) is considered to have the first systematic streamgaging record established by USGS, and would be the longest record if it had not discontinued operations from 1904 to 1912 (Follansbee and Dean, 1915, WSP 358, p. 98). USGS also established streamgage 34 on the Rio Grande in 1895 (Follansbee and Dean, 1915, p. 120), but records are missing for 1906-1909.
In most cases, the date when USGS operations began at a streamgage is available by reference to an exact date or to a Water Year in a USGS Water-Supply Paper. A Water Year always starts on October 1 of the year preceding; for example, Water Year 1920 started on October 1, 1919. In a few cases, the date of the first USGS stream discharge measurement is available from a public NWIS query and is listed as the beginning of USGS operations if the exact date of first published USGS daily-mean discharge could not be determined.
with periods of record that began on or before February 1, 1895,
with continuous data since that date.
[* Number 1 is missing Water Year 1862; number 18 is gage height only 1998-1999 and 2005-present.]
| No. | Station ID | Station Name | NWIS record began |
Previously operated by |
Currently operated by (beginning) |
| 1* | 07010000 | Mississippi River at St. Louis, MO | 01/01/1861 | USACE | USGS (1933) |
| 2 | 05420500 | Mississippi River at Clinton, IA | 06/02/1873 | Utility | USGS (1933) |
3 |
03193000 |
Kanawha River at Kanawha Falls, WV |
04/01/1877 |
USWB |
USGS (1928) |
| 4 | 05474500 | Mississippi River at Keokuk, IA | 01/01/1878 | Utility | Utility |
| 5 | 14105700 | Columbia River at The Dalles, OR | 06/01/1878 | USACE | USGS (1957) |
| 6 | 06752000 | Cache La Poudre R. near Ft. Collins, CO | 07/01/1881 | State | State |
| 7 | 05211000 | Mississippi River at Grand Rapids, MN | 09/17/1883 | USACE | USGS (1944) |
| 8 | 07096000 | Arkansas River at Canon City, CO | 10/01/1888 | State | State |
| 9 | 06090800 | Missouri River at Fort Benton MT | 10/01/1890 | Commission | USGS (1910) |
| 10 | 01570500 | Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, PA | 10/01/1890 | Utility | USGS (1928) |
| 11 | 11179000 | Alameda Creek near Niles CA | 01/01/1891 | Utility | USGS (1916) |
| 12 | 12422500 | Spokane River at Spokane, WA | 04/01/1891 | Utility | USGS (1896) |
| 13 | 11377100 | Sacramento River near Red Bluff, CA | 10/01/1891 | USWB | USGS (1895) |
| 14 | 05331000 | Mississippi River at St. Paul, MN | 03/01/1892 | USWB | USGS (1925) |
| 15 | 01054500 | Androscoggin River at Rumford, ME | 05/18/1892 | Utility | USGS (1979) |
| 16 | 02387500 | Oostanaula River at Resaca, GA | 11/01/1892 | USWB | USGS (1937) |
| 17 | 14174000 | Willamette River at Albany, OR | 11/01/1892 | USWB | USGS (1905) |
| 18* | 03589500 | Tennessee River at Florence AL | 10/01/1894 | USACE | USGS (1913) |
| 19 | 01638500 | Potomac River at Point of Rocks, MD | 02/01/1895 | USGS | USGS (1895) |
with periods of record that began on or before February 1, 1895,
but missing data since that date.
| No. | Station ID | Station Name | NWIS record began |
Currently operated by (beginning) |
Missing record |
| 20 | 02197000 | Savannah River at Augusta, GA | 10/01/1883 | USGS (1946) | 1892-1895 1907-1924 |
| 21 | 01335754 | Hudson River near Waterford, NY (Hudson River at Mechanicsville, NY) |
10/01/1887 | USGS (1977) | 1957-1976 |
| 22 | 05365500 | Chippewa River at Chippewa Falls, WI | 06/22/1888 | USGS (1906) | 1984-1986 |
| 23 | 08279500 | Rio Grande at Embudo, NM | 01/01/1889 | USGS (1889) | 1904-1912 |
| 24 | 06191500 | Yellowstone River at Corwin Springs, MT | 08/01/1889 | USGS (1889) | 1894-1910 |
| 25 | 08220000 | Rio Grande near Del Norte, CO | 01/01/1890 | State | 1896-1903 |
| 26 | 13055000 | Teton River near St. Anthony, ID | 01/01/1890 | USGS (1903) | 1893-1903 1909-1920 1976-1977 |
| 27 | 13046000 | Henrys Fork near Ashton, ID (North Fork Snake River near Ora, ID) |
04/01/1890 | USGS (1902) | 1891-1902 1909-1920 |
| 28 | 01049500 | Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner, ME | 06/16/1890 | USGS (1965) | 1965-1976 |
| 29 | 02213000 | Ocmulgee River at Macon, GA | 02/01/1893 | USGS (1895) | 1914-1928 |
| 30 | 06052500 | Gallatin River at Logan MT | 10/01/1893 | USGS (1893) | 1906-1928 |
| 31 | 10327500 | Humboldt River at Comus, NV (Humboldt River near Golconda, NV) |
10/01/1894 | USGS (1894) | 1910 1926-1945 |
| 32 | 09315000 | Green River at Green River, UT | 10/01/1894 | USGS (1894) | 1899-1905 |
| 33 | 02465000 | Black Warrior River at Northport, AL (Black Warrior River at Tuscaloosa) |
01/01/1895 | USGS (1928) | 1906-1928 |
| 34 | 08313000 | Rio Grande at Otowi Bridge, NM (Rio Grande near Buckman, NM) |
02/01/1895 | USGS (1895) | 1906-1909 |
Work by USGS in the upper Mississippi River Basin did not begin until 1902 with the establishment of the Chicago District (Follansbee, 1994, p. 87). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers operated streamgage number 1 until 1933 (Wells, 1959b, WSP 1311, p. 23) and number 7 until 1944 (Wells, 1959a, WSP 1308, p. 192). Union Electric Company operated number 2 until 1933 (Wells, 1959a, WSP 1308, p. 433). At number 4, AmerenUE (formerly Union Electric Company) continues to furnish records, but USGS did begin to make discharge measurements on June 28, 1934. Streamgage number 14 was established by the U.S. Signal Corps and operated by the U.S. Weather Bureau until March 17, 1925 (Grover and others, 1929, WSP 605, p. 35), with many discharge measurements prior to 1900 being made by the Corps of Engineers.
The U.S. Weather Bureau originally operated streamgage number 3 in West Virginia with a daily stage reading. In July 1895, USGS appointed D.C. Humphreys of Washington and Lee University as resident hydrographer (Follansbee, 1994, p. 58), who eventually operated stations in both Virginia and West Virginia (Follansbee, 1994, p. 76). USGS established a recording station at number 3 on October 27, 1928 (Grover and others, 1932, WSP 683, p. 66), and made its first discharge measurement on April 30, 1929.
Systematic work by the USGS in Washington and Oregon did not begin until 1897 (Follansbee, 1994, p.73). Initially, the U.S. Weather Bureau and later the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers furnished a gage-height record for streamgage number 5 until USGS assumed full operation in 1957 (comparison of Wells, 1960, WSP 1568, p. 77, with Wells, 1959d, WSP 1518, p. 77). Other agencies operated numbers 12 and 17 prior to transfer to USGS (respectively Stevens and others, 1911, WSP 272, p. 120; WSP 272, p. 440).
The State of Colorado began streamgaging activities in 1891 (Follansbee, 1994, p. 69) and cooperated with the Irrigation Survey, including at streamgage number 6 in 1889 (Follansbee, 1994, p. 70-71). The State currently operates numbers 6, 8, and 24, but they may have had some USGS operations during their history. USGS originally established number 8 in 1889 (Freeman and Dean, 1913, WSP 307, p. 20). There are no continuous records at number 21 for 1896 to 1903.
The Missouri River Commission conducted streamgaging in Montana until A.P. Davis recruited A.M. Ryon of Montana State Agricultural College in November 1894 to operate stations in the headwaters (Follansbee, 1994, p. 54). Among the earliest streamgages established and operated by USGS in Montana was number 24, established by J.B. Williams in 1889 (Newell, 1895, Bulletin 131, p. 26). Unfortunately, records were not collected from 1894 to 1910. Similarly, F.H. Newell established streamgage 30 in 1893 (Newell, 1895, Bulletin 131, p. 16), but records were not collected from 1906 to 1928. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and then the U.S. Weather Bureau operated streamgage 9 prior to transfer to USGS in 1910 (Lamb and others, 1914, WSP 306, p. 38.
USGS did not conduct streamgaging operations in Pennsylvania before 1897 (Follansbee, 1994, p. 77). The Harrisburg Water Company established streamgage number 10, and the State furnished records to USGS until 1928 (comparison of Grover and others, 1931a, WSP 661, p. 192, with Grover and others, 1931b, WSP 681, p. 203), but USGS also made its first streamflow measurement there on March 1, 1897.
Several groups, including counties and private companies, conducted streamgaging in California prior to involvement by USGS (Follansbee, 1994, p. 74), and included streamgage numbers 11 and 13. Number 11 was operated for Water Years 1891-1916 by Spring Valley Water Company (Wells, 1959c, WSP 1315-B, p. 761). The U.S. Weather Bureau operated number 13 with daily gage-height readings until USGS established a streamgage on April 29, 1895 (McGlashan and Henshaw, 1912, WSP 298, p. 44).
In Maine, water-power companies collected records as early as 1887 and furnished them to USGS for publication (Follansbee, 1994, p.79). USGS did not begin field operations in Maine until 1901. The Rumford Falls Power Company furnished records for streamgage number 15 until November 19, 1979 ( http://waterdata.usgs.gov/me/nwis/wys_rpt/?site_no=01054500, accessed August 14, 2015). Records for streamgage 28 were furnished by water suppliers until 1964 ( http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt/?site_no=01049500, accessed November 27, 2015).
The U.S. Weather Bureau previously operated many of the early USGS stations in Georgia (Follansbee, 1994, p. 76), including streamgage number 16, which it has operated continuously since 1892. USGS began parallel operations at number 16 with a measurement on July 27, 1896 (USGS, 1900, WSP 36, p. 146). USGS used furnished gage-height data to publish discharge until December 1931 (Grover and others, 1930, WSP 697, p. 182, Grover and others, 1931c, WSP 712, p. 187), but did not begin full operations until March 12, 1937 (Grover and others, 1937, WSP 822, p. 227). At streamgage 20, gage-height records were furnished by the Corps of Engineers until 1946 (Paulsen, 1948, WSP 1052, p. 207), but there was a break in record from 1892 to 1895 and 1907 to 1924. USGS began operations at streamgage 29 in 1895, but there were also some records furnished by the Weather Bureau (USGS, 1900, WSP 36, p. 137) and later by the Corps of Engineers, and there was a break in record from 1914 to 1928.
In Alabama, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had collected gage-height data at streamgage 33 since 1889, and USGS began discharge measurements in 1895 (USGS, 1900, WSP 36, p. 156) as the Black Warrior River at Tuscaloosa, but there was a break in record from 1906 to 1928. The Corps of Engineers operated streamgage number 18 until USGS made its first discharge measurement there on August 21, 1913 (Horton and others, 1915, WSP 353, p. 157). The streamgage provided gage height only during 1998-1999, and has provided gage height only since 2005.
In Alabama, the Corps of Engineers operated streamgage number 18 until USGS made its first discharge measurement there on August 21, 1913 (Horton and others, 1915, WSP 353, p. 157). The streamgage provided gage height only during 1998-1999, and has provided gage height only since 2005.
A paper-mill company established streamgage number 21 in New York in 1877 (Rafter, 1899, WSP 24, p. 79) and continued furnishing records until September 1956 ( WSP 1722, p. 51). The streamgage was re-established by USGS in October 1976 with a new name (Butch, Murray, Lumia, and Corse, 2004, p. 70).
In Wisconsin, streamgage number 22 was established by a lumber company in 1888 and some records were collected by the U.S. Weather Bureau beginning in 1904, until USGS began operations on June 1, 1906 (Grover and others, 1923, WSP 505, p. 100).
Early work by USGS in Idaho included short records at streamgages 26 and 27 in 1890 ( http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/inventory?multiple_site_no=13046000%2C13055000, accessed October 13, 2015). However, USGS did not establish continuous streamgages until 1903 and 1902, respectively (Ross and others, 1905, WSP 135, p. 177 and 170). There were significant breaks in continuous record at both streamgages after 1909.
In Nevada, USGS established streamgage 31 in 1894 (Davis and others, 1897, p. 303) as the Golconda station on Humboldt River, but there was a break in record in 1910 and from 1926 to 1945.
In Utah, USGS began operation of streamgage number 32 in 1894, but there was a break in record from 1899 to 1905 (Freeman and Bolster, 1911, WSP 269, p. 39).
Table 3 summarizes streamgages from those in Table 1 that have particular significance as “longest” records.
| Station ID | Station Name | Significance |
| 07010000 | Mississippi River at St. Louis, MO | Longest continuous daily record in NWIS. Record began January 1, 1861. Missing record for Water Year 1862, but continuous since October 1, 1862. Streamgage operated by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers prior to March 16, 1933. |
| 14105700 | Columbia River at The Dalles, OR | Fifth longest continuous daily record in NWIS and longest continuous record of annual peaks in NWIS. Annual peaks 1858 to present, continuous record began 06/01/1878; USGS operation began in 1931. |
| 08279500 | Rio Grande at Embudo, NM | First streamgage established by USGS. Record began January 1, 1889, but no records from January 1, 1904, to September 7, 1912. |
| 01638500 | Potomac River at Point of Rocks, MD | Longest continuous daily record exclusively from USGS, beginning February 1, 1895. |
| 11377100 | Sacramento River near Red Bluff, CA | Second longest continuous daily record exclusively from USGS, beginning April 29, 1895. |
| 12422500 | Spokane River at Spokane, WA | Third longest continuous daily record exclusively from USGS, beginning October 25, 1896. |
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Grover, N.C., and others, 1930, Surface water supply of the United States, 1930, Part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 697, 249 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0697/report.pdf)
Grover, N.C., and others, 1931a, Surface water supply of the United States 1928, Part I, North Atlantic slope drainage basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 661, 235 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0661/report.pdf)
Grover, N.C, and others, 1931b, Surface water supply of the United States 1929, Part I, North Atlantic slope drainage basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 681, 253 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0681/report.pdf)
Grover, N.C., and others, 1931c, Surface water supply of the United States, 1931, Part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 712, 233 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0712/report.pdf)
Grover, N.C., and others, 1932, Surface water supply of the United States, 1913, Part III, Ohio River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 683, 272 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0683/report.pdf)
Grover, N.C., and others, 1937, Surface water supply of the United States, 1937, Part 2, South Atlantic slope and eastern Gulf of Mexico basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 822, 265 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0822/report.pdf)
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Horton, A.H., Hall, W.E., and Jackson, H.J., 1915, Surface water supply of the United States, 1913, Part III, Ohio River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 353, 264 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0353/report.pdf)
Lamb, W.A., Freeman, W.B., and Richards, Raymond, 1914, Surface water supply of the United States 1911, Part VI, Missouri River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 306, 374 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0306/report.pdf)
Paulsen, C.G., and others, 1941, Surface water supply of the United States, 1939, Part 3, Ohio River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 873, 578 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0873/report.pdf)
Parker, G.L., and others, 1942, Surface water supply of the United States, 1940, Part 3, Ohio River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 893, 662 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0893/report.pdf)
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McGlashan, H.D., and Henshaw, F.F., 1912, Water resources of California, Part I, Stream measurements in Sacramento River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 298, 411 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0298/report.pdf)
Newell, F.N., 1895, Report of progress of the Division of Hydrography for the Calendar Years 1893 and 1894: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 131, 126 p, http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0131/report.pdf
Rafter, G.W., 1899, Water resources of the State of New York, Part I: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers 24, 99 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0024/report.pdf)
Ross, D.W., Whistler, J.T., and Noble, T.A., 1905, Report of progress of stream measurements for the Calendar Year 1904, Part XII, Columbia River and Puget Sound drainage: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 135, 300 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0135/report.pdf)
Stevens, J.C., La Rue, E.C., and Henshaw, F.F., 1911, Surface water supply of the United States 1909, Part XII, North Pacific coast: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 272, 521 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0272/report.pdf)
U.S. Geological Survey, 1900, Operations at river stations, Part II: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 36, 198 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0036/report.pdf)
Wells, J.V.B, 1959a, Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950, Part 5. Hudson Bay and Upper Mississippi River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1308, 708 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1308/report.pdf)
Wells, J.V.B, 1959b, Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950, Part 7, Lower Mississippi River basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1311, 606 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1311/report.pdf)
Wells, J.V.B, 1959c, Compilation of records of surface waters of the United States through September 1950, Part 11-B, Pacific slope basins in California: Central Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1315-B, 874 p. (http://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1315b/report.pdf)
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